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          OWASP Top 10 2017
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        <blockquote>
<p>本文参考了以下文章</p>
<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.owasp.org.cn/">OWASP 中国</a> 中的 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.owasp.org.cn/owasp-project/2017-owasp-top-10">OWASP Top 10 2017 官方文档</a></p>
<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://blog.csdn.net/mw_myever">mw_myever</a> 的 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://blog.csdn.net/mw_myever/article/details/108983067">OWASP top 10漏洞详解</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="简介"><a href="#简介" class="headerlink" title="简介"></a>简介</h3><p>OWASP（开放式Web应用程序安全项目）的工具、文档、论坛和全球各地分会都是开放的，对所有致力于改进应用程序安全的人士开放，其最具权威的就是“10 项最严重的 Web 应用程序安全风险列表” ，总结了 Web 应用程序最可能、最常见、最危险的十大漏洞，是开发、测试、服务、咨询人员应知应会的知识。</p>
<p><strong>2017 相对 2013 的变化</strong></p>
<img src="/blog/blog/posts/blog/posts/74029447/image-20210106133801616.png" class>

<p>简言之，「不安全的直接对象应用」和「功能及访问控制缺失」合并成了<strong>「失效的访问控制」</strong>，删除了「跨站请求伪造（CSRF）」和「未验证的重定向和转发」，新增了<strong>「XML 外部实体（XXE）」</strong>、<strong>「不安全的反序列化」</strong>和<strong>「不足的日志记录和监控」</strong>。</p>
<span id="more"></span>

<h3 id="A4-XML-外部实体（XXE）"><a href="#A4-XML-外部实体（XXE）" class="headerlink" title="A4: XML 外部实体（XXE）"></a>A4: XML 外部实体（XXE）</h3><blockquote>
<p>许多较早的或配置错误的 XML 处理器评估了 XML 文件中的外部实体引用。攻击者可以利用外部实体窃取使用 URI 文件处理器的内部文件和共享文件、监听内部扫描端口、执行远程代码和实施拒绝服务攻击。</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="描述"><a href="#描述" class="headerlink" title="描述"></a>描述</h4><p>如果攻击者可以上传 XML 文档或者在 XML 文档中添加恶意内容，通过易受攻击的代码、依赖项或集成，他们就能够攻击含有缺陷的 XML 处理器。</p>
<p>XXE 缺陷可用于提取数据、执行远程服务器请求、扫描内部系统、执行拒绝服务攻击和其他攻击。</p>
<p>举几个我看不懂的例子：</p>
<ol>
<li><p>从服务端提取数据</p>
<p><code>&lt;ENTITY xxe SYSTEM &quot;file:///etc/passwd&quot;&gt;]&gt;</code></p>
</li>
<li><p>探测服务器的专用网络</p>
<p><code>&lt;!ENTITY xxeSYSTEM &quot;https://192.168.1.1/private&quot; &gt;]&gt;</code></p>
</li>
<li><p>通过恶意文件执行拒绝服务攻击</p>
<p><code>&lt;!ENTITY xxeSYSTEM &quot;file:///dev/random&quot; &gt;]&gt;</code></p>
</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="防护措施"><a href="#防护措施" class="headerlink" title="防护措施"></a>防护措施</h4><ol>
<li>尽可能使用简单的数据格式（如 JSON），避免对敏感数据进行序列化。</li>
<li>及时修复或更新应用程序或底层操作系统使用的所有 XML 处理器和库。</li>
<li>使用开发语言提供的禁用外部实体的方法。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="A8-不安全的反序列化"><a href="#A8-不安全的反序列化" class="headerlink" title="A8: 不安全的反序列化"></a>A8: 不安全的反序列化</h3><blockquote>
<p>不安全的反序列化会导致远程代码执行。即使反序列化缺陷不会导致远程代码执行，攻击者也可以利用它们来执行攻击，包括：重播攻击、注入攻击和特权升级攻击。</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="描述-1"><a href="#描述-1" class="headerlink" title="描述"></a>描述</h4><p>序列化（Serialization）是将对象的状态信息转换为可以存储或传输（一般是以二进制的形式保存）的形式的过程。</p>
<p>在 Java 中，<code>ObjectOutputStream</code>类的 writeObject() 方法和<code>ObjectInputStream</code>类的 readObject() 方法分别可以实现序列化和反序列化。</p>
<p>所以，如果攻击者恶意构造了数据，应用在不知情的情况下对其进行了反序列化，就很可能产生远程代码执行；或者应用中有的类会在反序列化过程中或结束后改变行为，攻击者就可以改变应用逻辑实现远程代码执行攻击。前者称为对象攻击，后者称为数据结构攻击。</p>
<h4 id="防护措施-1"><a href="#防护措施-1" class="headerlink" title="防护措施"></a>防护措施</h4><ol>
<li>不接受来自不受信源的序列化对象，或使用只允许原始数据类型的序列化媒体。</li>
<li>反序列化之前，先进行严格的数据类型校验。</li>
<li>对反序列化过程进行详尽的日志记录，监控反序列化过程，在发现疑似反序列化攻击时进行警报。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="A10-不足的日志记录和监控"><a href="#A10-不足的日志记录和监控" class="headerlink" title="A10: 不足的日志记录和监控"></a>A10: 不足的日志记录和监控</h3><blockquote>
<p>不足的日志记录和监控，以及事件响应缺失或无效的集成，使攻击者能够进一步攻击系统、保持持续性或转向更多系统，以及篡改、提取或销毁数据。大多数缺陷研究显示，缺陷被检测出的时间超过200天，且通常通过外部检测方检测，而不是通过内部流程或监控检测。</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="描述-2"><a href="#描述-2" class="headerlink" title="描述"></a>描述</h4><p>见名知意。</p>
<p>这里有几个攻击案例：</p>
<ol>
<li>一个由小团队运营的开源项目论坛软件被攻击者利用其内在漏洞攻陷了。攻击者设法删除了包含下一个版本的内部源代码仓库以及所有论坛内容。虽然代码可以恢复，但由于缺乏监控、日志记录和告警导致了更糟糕的结果。由于此问题，该论坛软件项目不再活跃。</li>
<li>攻击者使用通用密码进行用户扫描并能获取所有使用此密码的账户。对于其他账户而言，将仅有一次失败的登录尝试记录。一段时间以后，攻击者可以用另一个密码再次进行此活动。</li>
<li>美国的一家大型零售商据内部使用恶意软件分析沙箱做分析。沙箱软件检测到了一些可能不需要的软件，但没有人响应此次检测。在一个境外银行不正当的信用卡交易被检测到之前，该沙箱软件一直在产生告警信息。</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="防护措施-2"><a href="#防护措施-2" class="headerlink" title="防护措施"></a>防护措施</h4><ol>
<li>确保所有登录、访问控制失败、输入验证失败能够被记录到日志中去，并保留足够的用户上下文信息，以识别可疑或恶意帐户，并为后期取证预留足够时间。</li>
<li>确保日志以一种能被集中日志管理解决方案使用的形式生成</li>
<li>确保高额交易有完整性控制的审计信息，以防止篡改或删除，例如审计信息保存在只能进行记录增加的数据库表中。</li>
<li>建立有效的监控和告警机制，使可疑活动在可接受的时间内被发现和应对。</li>
</ol>

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